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ქართული კერპები – მითოლოგია

04/12/2016
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ქართული მითოლოგია — ძველი ქართული მითებისა და ისტორიების ნაკრები, რომლებიც ძველ ქართულ ღმერთებს -ღვთისშვილებსა და გმირებს, ასევე სამყაროს მოწყობას ეხება.
თანამედროვე მკვლევარები ამ მითებს იყენებენ ძველი საქართველოს რელიგიური და პოლიტიკური ინსტიტუტების შესასწავლად, ასევე თვით ამ მითების შექმნის ბუნების გამოსაკვლევად. ქართული მითოლოგია მეტწილად წარმოდგენილია ზეპირსიტყვიერი ფორმით და მისი მეცნიერული დოკუმენტირება საკმაოდ გვიან დაიწყო (XIX-XX საუკუნე), თუმცა სხვადასხვა წყაროებზე დაყრდნობით შესაძლებელია გარკვეული დოკუმენტური მასალის მოძიება, რაც საშუალებას გვაძლევს უფრო სიღრმისეულად დავინახოთ ქართული მითოლოგიური სამყარო მისი სპეციფიური და მკაფიოდ ინდივიდუალური სახით. ქართულ მითებში ახსნილია სამყაროს დასაბამი და სხვადასხვაღმერთების, ქალღმერთების, გმირებისა თუ მითიური ქმნილებების ცხოვრებისა და თავგადასავლების დეტალები. ეს ამბები თავდაპირველად ზეპირსიტყვიერად ვრცელდებოდა ზეპირ-პოეტური ტრადიციით, თუმცა ამჟამად ქართული მითები ძირითადად ქართული ზღაპრებიდან თუ სხვა ლიტერატურიდან არის ცნობილი.

არმაზი

ქართლის უზენაესი წარმართული ღვთაება.

“ღმერთი ღმერთთა არმაზ…, …ღმერთნი დიდნი, სოფლის მპყრობელნი, მზისა მომფენელნი, წჳიმისა მომცემელნი და ქუეყნისა ნაშობთა გამომზრდელნი…”

არმაზის შესახებ ცნობები მხოლოდ ძველ ქართულ ხელნაწერებში და არმაზის ტოპონომშია შემორჩენილი. ტრადიციის მიხედვით, არმაზის კულტის შემოღება მეფე ფარნავაზს მიეწერება (ძვ. წ. III ს.). არმაზის კერპი წარმოადგენდა მეომარს სპილენძის ჯავშნით და ოქროს მუზარადით, შუბით ხელში და ხელნაწერთა თანახმად, მცხეთაში იდგა მთაზე. არმაზი სინკრეტული ღვთაება იყო, რომელიც უზენაესი ღმერთის (ცის, ჭექა-ქუხილის, წვიმის და მცენარეთა მბრძანებელი) და მეომარი ღმერთის ფუნქციებს ითავსებდა. სახელმწიფოებრიობის ჩამოყალიბების პერიოდში არმაზის კულტი ეწინააღმედგებოდა ადგილობრივ ტომობრივ ღვთაებათა კულტებს. არმაზის დღესასწაულის დღეებში, რომელიც ჩვეულებრივ ზაფხულში იმართებოდა, ფერადი ნაჭრებითა და ყვავილებით მორთულ მცხეთის ქუჩებში მრავალრიცხოვანი მსვლელობები იმართებოდა სამეფო ოჯახის მონაწილეობით. საქართველოში ქრისტიანობის სახელმწიფო რელიგიად გამოცხადების შემდეგ ( IV ს.-ის 30-იანი წწ.) არმაზის კულტი გაუქმდა.

ამბრი

ქართულ მითოლოგიაში გმირი, რომელიც გამოირჩევა უზარმაზარი ძალით, სიმაღლით და მასით. ამირანის შესახებ თქმულებათა ციკლში ამბრის უკავშირდება “ცოცხლად დამარხვის” მოტივი: ჯერ კიდევ ცოცხალი ამბრი დაკრძალვის ადგილისკენ თორმეტ წყვილ ხარს მიყავს, გზაში ურმიდან ჩამოვარდნილი მისი ფეხი გუთანივით ხნავს მიწას. ეს უკანასკნელი საშუალებას იძლევა ვივარაუდოთ, რომ ამბრის სახე მიწათმოქმედ მოსახლეობაშია წარმოშობილი.ამ ეპიზოდიდან შეიძლება ვივარაუდოთ, რომ 12 ხარი წელიდადის 12 თვეს განასახიერებდა.

ბარბალე

ქართულ მითოლოგიაში მზის განმასახიერებელი ქალღმერთი. ძირითადად თაყვანს სცემდნენ, როგორც ქალის ნაყოფიერების საწყისის მფარველ ღვთაებას. ხალხური წარმოდგენით, ბარბალე განაპირობებს მიწათმოქმედების და მესაქონლეობის პროდუქტების სიუხვეს, ხელს უწყობს როგორც მსხვილი რქოსანი საქონლის და შინაური ფრინველის, ისე ადამიანის განაყოფიერებას. ბარბალესადმი იყო მიძღვნილი სხვადასხვა დღესასწაული, რომელთაგან მთავარი ზამთრის მზებუდობას ემთხვეოდა. ბარბალესადმი მიძღვნილ რიტუალებსა და წეს-ჩვეულებებში გამოიყენებოდა საგნები, რომლებიც მზის სიმბოლოებსს წარმოადგენდნენ. თვით ბარბალეს სახელიც (ცნობილია აგრეთვე მისი სხვა ვარიანტები – საერთო ქართული – ბარბარე/ბაბალე და სვანური – ბაბარი/ბარბალი/ბარბოლი) ჰპოვებს ლინგვისტურ პარალელებს წრის, ბორბლის, მოელვარე ალის ქართულ დასახელებებში; ბარბალეს სახელში ვლინდება აგრეთვე ფორმალური და სემანტიკური მსგავსება შუმერულ-აქადურ ეპითეტთან bibbirru – მოელვარე სხივი, ბრწყინვალება. ბარბალეს თაყვანს სცემდნენ, როგორც მკურნალს, რომელიც ადამიანებს თვალს უხელს და განკურნავს თავის ტკივილის, ყვავილის და სხვა დაავადებებისგან. ბარბალეს შეეძლო აგრეთვე ადამიანებზე უბედურებები, გასაჭირი და სიკვდილიც მოეწია.ბარბალეს ეს თვისებები ჰგავს შავი ზღვის პირეთში გავრცელებული ”დედა ღვთაების” კულტს.

ბოჩი

ქართველთა ძველი წარმართული ღვთაება. პირველად წერილობით ძეგლებში ექვთიმე მთაწმინდელთან გვხვდება. ი. ჯავახიშვილის აზრით, სახელი ბოჩი ოჩს და ვოჩს (მამალ თხას – ვაცს) უკავშირდება და ნადირთ მფარველი ან მისი მსგავსი ღვთაების სახელია. ვ. ბარდაველიძეს ოჩი||, ბოჩი მესაქონლეობის მფარველ ღვთაებად მიაჩნდა. ახალი ეთნოგრაფიული მასალის მიხედვით, ბოჩი მოსავლიანობის მფარველი ღვთაებაც უნდა ყოფილიყო.

ქართველთა ძველი წარმართული ღვთაება. პირველად წერილობით ძეგლებში ექვთიმე მთაწმინდელთან გვხვდება. ი. ჯავახიშვილის აზრით, სახელი ბოჩი ოჩს და ვოჩს (მამალ თხას – ვაცს) უკავშირდება და ნადირთ მფარველი ან მისი მსგავსი ღვთაების სახელია. ვ. ბარდაველიძეს ოჩი, ბოჩი მესაქონლეობის მფარველ ღვთაებად მიაჩნდა. ახალი ეთნოგრაფიული მასალის მიხედვით, ბოჩი მოსავლიანობის მფარველი ღვთაებაც უნდა ყოფილიყო.

ოჩოკოჩი

ქართულ მითოლოგიაში ტყის ღვთაება. გადმოცემით, ოჩოკოჩს მეტყველება არ შეუძლია, მაგრამ მისი ხმა ადამიანებს თავზარს სცემს. ოჩოკოჩს სხეული ჟანგისფერი თმით აქვს დაფარული. მას გრძელი და ბასრი ბრჭყალები აქვს, მკერდზე კი ნაჯახის მსგავსი წანაზარდი, რომლითაც იგი მის მოწინააღმდეგეს შუაზე ჭრის. ადამიანის მიერ მოკლული ოჩოკოჩი მეორე გასროლის შემდეგ ცოცხლდება. გავრცელებული სიუჟეტების თანახმად ოჩოკოჩი ელტვის ტყის დედოფლის ტყაში-მაფას სიყვარულს

ოჩოპინტრე

ქართულ მითოლოგიაში გარეულ ცხოველთა წინამძღოლი და მფარველი. მისი სახელის პირველი ნაწილი (ოჩო), ქართული პანთეონის სხვა ღვთაებას – ბოჩის უკავშირდება, ხოლო მეორე ნაწილი (პინტე, პინტრე) – ბერძნულ პანს. ოჩოპინტრე თითოეული ცხოველის სულს ფლობს. მონადირე სანადიროდ წასვლამდე (და ნადირობისას) ოჩოპინტრეს ევედრება იღბალს და ნადირის მოკვლის ნებართვას

ზადენი

ქართულ მითოლოგიაში ერთ-ერთი ღვთაება, რომელსაც თაყვანს სცემდნენ ქრისტიანობის გავრცელებამდე. ხელნაწერთა ტრადიციის მიხედვით ზადენის კულტი მეფე ფარნაჯომმა შემოიღო ძვ. წ. II საუკუნის პირველ ნახევარში. ხელნაწერი ზადენის სახელს მცხეთის ახლოს ზადენის ციხის სახელწოდებასთან აკავშირებს. მეცნიერული ტრადიციის თანახმად, ზადენის სახელი კავშირშია ირანულ yazadan-თან (კეთილი სულების რანგი). ზადენს (არმაზთან ერთად) თაყვანს სცემდნენ, როგორც უხვი მოსავლის მომყვან ღმერთს და სამყაროს ერთმპყრობელს. ქრისტიანობის გავრცელების შემდეგ ზადენის კულტი გაუქმდა. ზადენი(სოფელი) სოფლის სახელად გვხვდება სამხრეთ საქართველოშიც (მესხეთი).

გაცი და გაიმი

ქართული მითოლოგიის ღვთაებები, რომლებსაც ქრისტიანობის გავრცელებამდე სცემდნენ თაყვანს. კერპები ქართველებს თავიანთი პირვანდელი სამშობლოდან არიან-ქართლიდან მოუტანიათ. გაცზე და გაიმზე ცნობები მხოლოდ ხელნაწერებშია შემონახული. ამ ხელნაწერების თანახმად, გაცის ოქროს კერპი და გაიმის (გას) ვერცხლის კერპი არმაზის და ქართული წარმართული პანთეონის სხვა ღვთაებების კერპების გვერდით იდგა არმაზის მთაზე, რომებიც ქრისტიანობის გავრცელების შემდეგ განადგურდა. ხელნაწერ ტექსტებში გაცი და გაიმი “ყველაზე იდუმალის გამგეებად” მოიხსენიება.

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მსგავსი სიახლეები

Photo of საქართველოში ალკოჰოლის მოხმარების მაჩვენებელი, სხვა ქვეყნებთან შედარებით, ორჯერ მეტია

საქართველოში ალკოჰოლის მოხმარების მაჩვენებელი, სხვა ქვეყნებთან შედარებით, ორჯერ მეტია

07/14/2017
Photo of ქუთაისში დაიკარგა ციმბირული ჰასკის ლეკვი

ქუთაისში დაიკარგა ციმბირული ჰასკის ლეკვი

12/08/2017
Photo of სახლი ბორბლებზე,რომლის ფასი 1,2 მილიონი ევროა

სახლი ბორბლებზე,რომლის ფასი 1,2 მილიონი ევროა

11/26/2017
Photo of შოკი: მერაბ სეფაშვილი მოდას არ ჩამორჩა და სექსუალური მაჩოს ვარცხნილობა მოირგო

შოკი: მერაბ სეფაშვილი მოდას არ ჩამორჩა და სექსუალური მაჩოს ვარცხნილობა მოირგო

09/03/2018

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